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Personent hodie
"Personent hodie" is a Christmas carol originally published in the 1582 Finnish song book ''Piae Cantiones'', a volume of 74 Medieval songs with Latin texts collected by Jaakko Suomalainen, a Swedish Lutheran cleric, and published by T.P. Rutha.〔 The song book had its origins in the libraries of cathedral song schools, whose repertory had strong links with medieval Prague, where clerical students from Finland and Sweden had studied for generations.〔 A melody found in a 1360 manuscript from the nearby Bavarian city of Moosburg in Germany is highly similar, and it is from this manuscript that the song is usually dated.〔"On This Day Earth Shall Ring" at (hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com ), URL accessed 4 January 2009〕〔Gustav Holst, "''Personet hodie''" in the ''Oxford Book of Carols'' (London: Oxford University Press, 1928), p.171.〕
==Textual origins==
The Latin text is probably a musical parody of an earlier 12th century song beginning "intonent hodie voces ecclesie", written in honour of Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of Russia, sailors and children – to whom he traditionally brings gifts on his feast day, 6 December.〔 Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott note that two of the verses have an unusual double repeat ('Submersum, -sum, -sum puerum'; 'Reddens vir-, vir-, vir- ginibus'). In 'intonent hodie', these were used to illustrate the three boys and three girls saved by St Nicholas from drowning and prostitution, respectively.〔 The text was probably re-written for the Feast of the Holy Innocents (28 December) when choristers and their "boy bishop" traditionally displaced the senior clergy from the choir stalls.〔 The carol is still often associated with Holy Innocents' Day.〔Robert Cummings, "Personent hodie" at (allmusic ), URL accessed 4 January 2009〕
Songs from ''Piae Cantiones'' continued to be performed in Finland until the 19th century.〔 The book became well known in Britain after a rare copy of ''Piae Cantiones'' owned by Peter of Nyland was given as a gift to the British Minister in Stockholm. He subsequently gave it to John Mason Neale in 1852, and it was from this copy that Neale, in collaboration with Thomas Helmore published songs in two collections in 1853 and 1854 respectively.〔Ralph Vaughan Williams, Martin Shaw (ed.), note to J.M. Neale "January Carol" the ''Oxford Book of Carols'' (London: Oxford University Press, 1928), p.291.〕
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